GLP-1 in Australia

What is GLP-1?

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a naturally occurring hormone produced in the gut, playing a key role in regulating blood sugar levels and appetite. When you eat, GLP-1 is released, triggering insulin production to lower blood sugar while also slowing down how quickly your stomach empties. This results in a longer-lasting feeling of fullness, helping to control appetite and reduce overall food intake.

GLP-1 Medications in Australia

In Australia, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) like Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro are approved for managing type 2 diabetes. However, their use for weight loss in non-diabetic individuals is not subsidized under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). This means that while these medications are available, they can be expensive for those seeking them solely for weight management.

Supply Shortages

Australia has experienced significant shortages of semaglutide-containing medications like Ozempic and Wegovy. The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) has indicated that these shortages are expected to continue into 2025. This has led to challenges in accessing these medications, especially for individuals who rely on them for managing type 2 diabetes. 

Recent Developments

In December 2024, the TGA approved Wegovy as a complementary therapy for overweight and obese adults with cardiovascular disease. This approval aims to reduce the risk of heart attacks, strokes, or death among these patients. However, the pathway to subsidizing its cost under the PBS remains uncertain, given the potential budgetary impacts. 

Regulatory Changes

To ensure the availability of GLP-1 RAs for those who need them most, the Australian government has implemented changes to prescribing rules. These changes aim to prioritize access for patients with type 2 diabetes who have not achieved adequate blood sugar control with other medications. 

How Does GLP-1 Work?

GLP-1 acts as a powerful messenger hormone, playing a critical role in how the body regulates blood sugar, controls appetite, and manages digestion. It is released by the intestines in response to food intake, triggering several key metabolic processes that help maintain energy balance and prevent blood sugar spikes.

One of its primary functions is to stimulate insulin production when blood sugar levels rise. Insulin is the hormone responsible for moving glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into cells, where it can be used for energy. At the same time, GLP-1 inhibits the release of glucagon, another hormone that raises blood sugar levels by prompting the liver to release stored glucose. This dual action helps keep blood sugar stable, reducing the risk of both hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and energy crashes.

Beyond blood sugar regulation, GLP-1 significantly impacts appetite and digestion. It slows gastric emptying, meaning food moves more slowly from the stomach into the intestines. This leads to a prolonged feeling of fullness, helping to naturally reduce overall calorie intake. People with higher GLP-1 levels or those using GLP-1 medications often find that they feel satisfied with much smaller meals and experience fewer cravings.

Additionally, GLP-1 has a direct effect on the brain’s reward system, particularly in regions responsible for hunger and food cravings. By modulating dopamine pathways, it helps reduce the desire for high-calorie, highly processed foods, making it easier to stick to a balanced diet. This is one of the reasons why people taking GLP-1-based medications report a decreased interest in snacking or emotional eating.

Interestingly, GLP-1 may also play a role beyond metabolic health. Research suggests that it could have neuroprotective effects, potentially benefiting brain function and reducing inflammation. Some studies indicate that GLP-1 might be useful in preventing or slowing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

In summary, GLP-1 is far more than just a weight loss or diabetes hormone. It is a key regulator of energy balance, influencing insulin production, digestion, appetite, and even brain health. Whether through natural stimulation via diet and exercise or through medications that mimic its effects, understanding how GLP-1 works is crucial for optimising overall health.

The Hype Around GLP-1 (Ozempic) Medications

Medications like Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro have skyrocketed in popularity due to their ability to mimic GLP-1, helping individuals regulate blood sugar levels and suppress appetite. Initially developed as a treatment for type 2 diabetes, researchers quickly discovered their effectiveness in promoting significant weight loss, making them widely sought after even by non-diabetic individuals.

The surge in demand for GLP-1 medications has been largely driven by their ability to help people effortlessly reduce calorie intake. Unlike traditional weight loss strategies that rely on willpower alone, these medications naturally curb hunger, making it easier for individuals to consume fewer calories without feeling deprived. As a result, they have become a go-to option for those struggling with obesity or weight-related health issues.

Celebrities, influencers, and even corporate executives have fueled the hype by endorsing these drugs as "miracle weight loss solutions." This mainstream attention has led to shortages worldwide, making it difficult for diabetics—who rely on these medications for blood sugar control—to access them. The widespread use of GLP-1 medications for weight loss rather than their original medical purpose has sparked ethical debates, with critics questioning whether they should be prioritised for those who need them most.

However, while the weight loss results can be impressive, GLP-1 medications are not a magic bullet. Many users experience side effects like nausea, digestive discomfort, and fatigue, while others struggle with maintaining weight loss once they stop using the drug. Additionally, because these medications suppress appetite significantly, they can lead to muscle loss if protein intake and resistance training are not prioritised. This has raised concerns among health professionals about the long-term effects of using GLP-1 medications without a proper nutritional and exercise plan in place.

Ultimately, while the buzz around GLP-1 medications is well-earned due to their effectiveness, they work best when combined with a sustainable approach to diet, exercise, and overall health management.

Natural Ways to Boost GLP-1 Levels

High-Protein Diets

Protein is one of the most effective nutrients for stimulating GLP-1 release. Consuming protein-rich meals can enhance satiety, helping you feel fuller for longer and naturally curbing your appetite. Lean meats like chicken, turkey, and beef, along with plant-based sources like lentils, chickpeas, and quinoa, are excellent choices. Incorporating protein into each meal can support stable blood sugar levels and reduce cravings throughout the day.

Fibre-Rich Foods

Soluble fibre slows down digestion, allowing GLP-1 levels to rise and extend feelings of fullness. Foods like oats, apples, beans, and flaxseeds are rich in soluble fibre and promote gut health, which plays a role in GLP-1 production. Including a variety of fibre-rich foods in your diet not only supports appetite control but also aids in blood sugar management and improves overall digestive health.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids, commonly found in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines, help support GLP-1 function and reduce inflammation in the body. Plant-based sources such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts offer alternatives for those following vegetarian or vegan diets. Regular intake of omega-3s has been linked to improved metabolic health and better appetite regulation.

Exercise

Both aerobic exercises, like brisk walking, cycling, or swimming, and resistance training, such as weightlifting, have been shown to naturally enhance GLP-1 secretion. Exercise not only aids in weight management but also improves insulin sensitivity and overall metabolic function. Aiming for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity and incorporating strength training twice a week can optimise GLP-1 production.

Probiotics & Prebiotics

A healthy gut microbiome plays a significant role in GLP-1 production. Prebiotics, found in foods like garlic, onions, and bananas, feed beneficial gut bacteria, while probiotics—found in yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and supplements—introduce live bacteria that support gut health. Together, they help create an environment conducive to optimal GLP-1 release, aiding in appetite regulation and overall well-being.

Potential Benefits Beyond Weight Loss

Improved Heart Health

GLP-1 has been shown to positively impact cardiovascular health by helping lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and improve cholesterol levels. It also enhances blood vessel function, decreasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. This is why GLP-1-based medications are sometimes prescribed not only for diabetes management but also for heart protection in high-risk patients.

Enhanced Cognitive Function

Emerging research suggests that GLP-1 plays a role in brain health, potentially protecting against neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. GLP-1 can reduce brain inflammation, improve memory, and support overall cognitive function. While studies are ongoing, the link between GLP-1 and brain health opens new doors for its use beyond metabolic health.

Blood Sugar Regulation

One of GLP-1’s primary functions is helping regulate blood sugar by increasing insulin production and decreasing glucagon release when needed. This creates more stable energy levels and prevents drastic spikes or crashes in blood sugar. Even for non-diabetics, maintaining balanced blood sugar can improve mood, reduce fatigue, and support long-term metabolic health.

Potential Downsides of GLP-1 Medications

Gastrointestinal Issues

One of the most commonly reported side effects of GLP-1 medications is gastrointestinal discomfort. Users often experience nausea, bloating, constipation, or diarrhoea, especially during the initial stages of treatment. These symptoms typically improve over time as the body adjusts, but some individuals may need to adjust their dosage or modify their diet to ease these effects.

Fatigue & Dehydration

Reduced appetite and lower food intake can sometimes lead to fatigue and dehydration, particularly if users aren’t mindful of maintaining proper hydration and electrolyte balance. Dehydration can exacerbate feelings of tiredness and headaches. Incorporating electrolyte supplements and focusing on fluid intake can help manage these side effects.

Muscle Loss During Weight Loss

While GLP-1 medications are effective at promoting weight loss, the rapid reduction in calories can sometimes lead to a loss of lean muscle mass. This is particularly concerning for long-term metabolic health, as muscle plays a key role in maintaining a healthy metabolism. Including protein-rich foods or supplements and engaging in light resistance training can help preserve muscle while losing fat.

Digestive Slowdown

GLP-1 naturally slows digestion to promote satiety, but for some users, this can lead to discomfort, bloating, and even gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying) in rare cases. Digestive enzyme supplements or smaller, more frequent meals may help manage these symptoms while still benefiting from the appetite-suppressing effects.

Potential Nutrient Deficiencies

With reduced food intake, there’s a risk of not meeting daily nutrient requirements, particularly for protein, fibre, and essential vitamins and minerals. Supplementing with protein powders, multivitamins, and fibre can help fill these gaps and maintain balanced nutrition while on GLP-1 medications.

Supplements to Manage GLP-1 Medication Side Effects

Electrolytes & Hydration Support

Since GLP-1 medications can reduce appetite and lead to lower fluid intake, dehydration and fatigue are common side effects. Supplementing with electrolytes helps maintain fluid balance, supports energy levels, and prevents symptoms like headaches and muscle cramps. Opt for electrolyte powders or tablets without added sugars to keep hydration in check.

Protein Powders

Reduced appetite often leads to insufficient protein intake, increasing the risk of muscle loss during rapid weight loss. High-quality protein powders—like whey, casein, or plant-based options—make it easier to meet daily protein needs without large meals. Incorporating protein shakes can help preserve lean muscle and support metabolism.

BCAAs or EAAs (Essential Amino Acids)

For those struggling to consume enough whole protein sources, BCAAs and EAAs offer an easy way to support muscle maintenance. They’re especially useful around workouts or between meals to minimise muscle breakdown, which can be a concern when calorie intake is significantly reduced.

Digestive Enzymes

GLP-1 slows digestion to promote satiety, but this can sometimes lead to bloating, discomfort, or constipation. Digestive enzyme supplements can help ease these symptoms by breaking down food more efficiently, supporting smoother digestion and nutrient absorption.

Probiotics & Prebiotics

A slowed digestive system can impact gut health, leading to discomfort and irregularity. Probiotic supplements help maintain a balanced gut microbiome, while prebiotics (like inulin) feed good bacteria, supporting digestion and regular bowel movements. Together, they can reduce bloating and enhance overall digestive health.

Fibre Supplements

Constipation is a common side effect of GLP-1 medications due to slower digestion. Soluble fibre supplements, like psyllium husk or inulin, can help regulate bowel movements without causing additional bloating. Fibre also supports satiety and gut health, making it a valuable addition to any GLP-1 regimen.

Omega-3 Fish Oil

Omega-3 fatty acids offer anti-inflammatory benefits that can support cardiovascular health—especially important since GLP-1 medications also target heart health. Additionally, omega-3s can help reduce inflammation in the gut, promoting smoother digestion and supporting metabolic health.

FAQs About GLP-1

1. What is GLP-1, and why is it important?

GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) is a hormone produced in the gut that helps regulate blood sugar, control appetite, and slow digestion. It plays a key role in metabolic health and is the basis for medications like Ozempic and Wegovy, which are used for diabetes and weight loss.

2. How does GLP-1 affect weight loss?

GLP-1 helps with weight loss by reducing appetite, slowing digestion, and promoting a prolonged feeling of fullness. This makes it easier to eat less without feeling deprived, leading to a natural calorie deficit.

3. Can I boost GLP-1 levels naturally without medication?

Yes! You can naturally stimulate GLP-1 by eating high-protein meals, fibre-rich foods, omega-3 fatty acids, and incorporating regular exercise. Probiotic and prebiotic-rich foods can also support a healthy gut, which plays a role in GLP-1 production.

4. What are the most common side effects of GLP-1 medications?

The most common side effects include nausea, bloating, constipation, fatigue, and reduced appetite. Some people also experience digestive discomfort due to slower stomach emptying. These symptoms are usually temporary but can be managed with proper nutrition and supplementation.

5. Can GLP-1 medications cause muscle loss?

Yes, because these medications suppress appetite, some users may not consume enough protein, leading to muscle loss during weight loss. To counteract this, it’s recommended to increase protein intake and incorporate strength training while using GLP-1 medications.

6. What supplements can help with GLP-1 medication side effects?

To manage common side effects, consider:

• Electrolytes for hydration & fatigue
• Protein powders or BCAAs to prevent muscle loss
• Digestive enzymes & probiotics to support digestion
• Fibre supplements to help with constipation

7. Is GLP-1 only for people with diabetes?

No, while GLP-1 medications were originally developed for type 2 diabetes, they have become widely used for weight loss in non-diabetic individuals. However, they should always be used under medical supervision.

8. Will I regain weight after stopping a GLP-1 medication?

Many users experience weight regain after stopping these medications, especially if they do not have a structured diet and exercise plan in place. The best way to maintain weight loss is to adopt sustainable lifestyle habits that support metabolism and appetite control.

9. Can GLP-1 improve brain health?

Yes! Research suggests that GLP-1 has neuroprotective properties and may help reduce inflammation in the brain. Some studies indicate potential benefits in preventing Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, though more research is needed.

10. How long does it take to see results from GLP-1 medications?

Most people start noticing reduced appetite within a few days, but significant weight loss typically occurs over several months. Consistent use, combined with a balanced diet and exercise, leads to better long-term results.